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Samuel Enderby & Sons was a whaling and sealing company based in London, England, founded circa 1775 by Samuel Enderby (1717–1797).〔(K.M. Dallas, 'Enderby, Samuel (1756-1829)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1, Melbourne University Press, 1966, p. 357. )〕 The company encouraged their captains to combine exploration with their business activities, and sponsored several of the earliest expeditions to the subantarctic, Southern Ocean and Antarctica itself. ==History of the company: 1773-1800== In 1773 Enderby began the Southern Fishery, a whaling firm with ships registered in London and Boston. All of the captains and harpooners were American loyalists. The vessels transported finished goods to the American colonists, and brought whale oil back from New England to England. Some of Enderby's ships were reportedly chartered for the tea cargoes that were ultimately dumped into Boston Harbor during the Boston Tea Party incident. An embargo was placed on whale oil exports from New England in 1775, as a result of the American War of Independence. Enderby therefore elected to pursue the whaling trade in the South Atlantic. Samuel Enderby founded the Samuel Enderby & Sons company the following year, when he and his business partners Alexander Champion and John St. Barbe assembled a fleet of twelve whaling vessels on the Greenwich Peninsula, in the Royal Borough of Greenwich.〔(Green A, 150 Years Of Industry & Enterprise At Enderby's Wharf )〕〔Jackson, Gordon (1978, page 92. The British Whaling Trade. Archon. ISBN 0-208-01757-7.〕 By 1785, Samuel Enderby & Sons controlled seventeen ships engaged in this business. All were commanded by American Loyalists. That year, whales in the South Atlantic had become nearly extinct due to pressure from the whaling industry. The Enderby family therefore shifted its focus to the seas around New Zealand, with the Bay of Islands as its main base of operations. In early 1786, the Enderby family lobbied the government for the right to go into the South Pacific (an area in which the East India Company had historically enjoyed a monopoly).〔Dan Byrnes, (Outlooks for England's South Whale Fishery, 1784-1800, and the Great Botany Debate'' )〕 The lobbying efforts were eventually successful, and on 1 September 1788, the 270 ton whaling vessel ''Amelia'', owned by Samuel Enderby & Sons and commanded by Captain James Shields, departed London. The ship went west around Cape Horn into the Pacific Ocean to become the first ship of any nation to conduct whaling operations in the Southern Ocean. A crewman, Archelus Hammond of Nantucket, killed the first sperm whale there off the coast of Chile on 3 March 1789. ''Amelia'' returned to London on 12 March 1790 with a cargo of 139 tons of sperm oil.〔(The Quarterly Review, Volume 63, London:John Murray, 1839, page 321 ).〕 The ''Amelia'' voyage marked the beginning of a new era for the company---one in which many great voyages of oceanographic and geographic exploration were accomplished, but which would ultimately prove to be a drain on company profits. By 1791, the company owned or leased 68 whaling ships operating in the subantarctic region and the Southern Ocean.〔 Whaling vessels owned by Samuel Enderby & Sons were part of the Third Fleet taking convicts to New South Wales in 1791. These vessels included ''Britannia'', ''William and Ann'', ''Mary Ann'', ''Matilda'', and ''Active''. Captain Eber Bunker, the enterprising American captain of the ''William and Ann'', not wanting to return to England with an empty vessel, became the first to hunt whales in New Zealand waters in December 1791. From this time forward, Enderby's ships ''Speedy'', ''Britannia'', and ''Ocean'' made frequent whaling voyages from Port Jackson. Over the next decade the area became more attractive as the East India Company’s monopoly on fishing in South Pacific waters was progressively lifted, and Governor Phillip Parker King of New South Wales worked to attract the whaling industry. From January 1793 to November 1794, Enderby sent the ''Rattler'' to survey whaling grounds in the southeastern Pacific, under the command of Lieutenant James Colnett, Royal Navy. Colnett surveyed the Galapagos Islands on this expedition. Samuel Enderby died in 1797, leaving the company to his three sons Charles, Samuel, and George.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Samuel Enderby & Sons」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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